The Turkish language, spoken primarily in Turkey and Cyprus, is a member of the Turkic language family. Turkish has a rich linguistic history, having undergone significant changes and reforms, particularly during the early 20th century under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. The language belongs to the Oghuz branch of the Turkic language family and has absorbed many loanwords from Arabic and Persian, owing to Turkey’s historical and cultural interactions.

In terms of spelling and grammar, Turkish uses the Latin alphabet with a few modifications. The Turkish alphabet consists of 29 letters, each with a specific sound value. Vowel harmony is a distinctive feature of Turkish, where vowels within a word harmonise in terms of frontness or backness.

The Turkish language has a subject-object-Verb (SOV) word order, and it is an agglutinative language, meaning that affixes are added to a root word to convey various grammatical meanings. The language has formal and informal forms of address, reflecting politeness levels.

For the most accurate and detailed information, language learners and those interested in Turkish can refer to reputable language learning resources, language institutes, or linguistic studies focusing on the Turkish language.